The nature and consequences of the impact of red deer Cervus canadensis xanthopygus (M.–E.) and sika deer C. nippon (Temm.) feeding on bark in the south of the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai) on lobed elm Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr in the process of feeding on bark in the south of the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9519-2026-18-3-921-935Keywords:
red deer, sika deer, lobed elm, debarking, Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East, Ussurisky Nature ReserveAbstract
This paper presents data on the effects of red deer and sika deer on the lobed elm (Ulmus laciniata) during bark feeding in the southern Russian Far East. The study was conducted from 2021 to 2025 in a forest area belonging to the Primorsky State Agrarian and Technological University and in the V. L. Komarov Ussuri State Nature Reserve (managed by the Land of the Leopard Federal State Budgetary Institution). It was shown that sika deer began to use bark primarily on damaged trees that had been used by red deer for feeding. During the study period, the young growth of the lobed elm was most heavily impacted by both deer species. Among severely damaged trees, the proportion of young plants with a diameter of <10 cm was 82.2 %, and among dead trees, 95.6 %. The ratio of damaged to undamaged trunks remained virtually unchanged during the study period, and the pressure of red deer and sika deer on the lobed elm population remained roughly equal. Fungal fruiting bodies were observed on the wood of barked trunks. Wood-destroying fungi included Daldinia sp., Granulobasidium vellereum, Cylindrobasidium leave, and several others. On a number of lobed elm trunks with bark removed, characteristic galleries of Scolytus jacobsoni, a specific Far Eastern trunk pest of elms, were observed. Red deer and sika deer not only directly impact the survival of young growth and the regeneration
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