Lozovy Ridge (Chandalaz) as the first discovered bat swarming site in Primorsky Krai
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9519-2026-18-1-254-272Keywords:
autumnal chiropteran activity, bats, Chiroptera, Murina hilgendorfi, Plecotus ognevi, Russian Far East, swarmingAbstract
Bat swarming is the concentration of actively flying bats at the entrances to caves and grottoes in late summer or early autumn, and is one of the least studied aspects of the Far Eastern bats' life. Although this phenomenon is well documented in North America, Europe, and Siberia, only one observation is known for the Russian Far East (Khabarovsk Krai).
This article presents the results of annual field bat observations in the first half of October (2022-2025) on the Lozovy (Chandalaz) Ridge, a limestone massif with an abundance of diverse karst forms and caves. Four small caves unsuitable for wintering were surveyed: Bliznets, Malaya, Mechta Speleologa, and Skvoznaya. In particular, the Skvoznaya Cave is a tunnel that pierces the ridge near its top. Bat capturing were carried out using mist nets at the cave entrances. In 2025, a camera trap was installed at the upper entrance of the Skvoznaya Cave.
At least three dozen cases of visits to all the explored cavities, except for the Mechta Speleologa Cave, were recorded by two of the four inhabiting bat species: the Hilgendorf's tube-nosed Bat and the Ognev's long-eared bat. Among the individuals studied, adult sexually mature males with enlarged testicles predominated. Activity began immediately after sunset, reaching its peak at 8-9 pm, and was observed almost exclusively at the entrances to underground cavities. The greatest number of bats was recorded at the upper entrance of Skvoznaya Cave.
Considering hypotheses about the nature of swarming, we find consistency between the observed autumnal bat activity and at least two main hypotheses: mating and social, making Lozovy Ridge the first known site of bat swarming in Primorsky Krai. However, swarming in October is considered relatively late, which may be due to the warmer climate of Chandalaz: in all years of observation, nighttime temperatures did not fall below +7…+9℃.
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Saucy, G. (2019) Bat swarming: Reviewed definition, overestimated
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Saucy, G. (2019) Bat swarming: Reviewed definition, overestimated
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